The stand-off of a flip-chip is governed by the equilibrium between the weight of the chip and the counteracting spring formed by the surface tension of the liquid bump.
I. Introduction
In a soldering process the assemblies seeks to minimize the amount of free energy. The weight of the chip compresses the spring formed by the surface of the liquid bump. In order to establish the final height of the assembly one has to find the minimum of the equation:
where E0 is the surface energy of the unperturbed situation. Fc is the stiffness or force constant of the bump. M is the mass of the component and g is the gravitational constant. The height parameter dK is used for the deviation of the unperturbed equilibrium distance K. Through differentiation on obtains:
It is now the task to derive a suitable expression for the force constant Fc. This can be done in two ways:
A. From the definition
where S(H) is the free surface of the bump and ? is the surface energy.
The free surface can be calculated if one uses the contour y(z) of an elliptical bump:
It can be shown that the surface S(H) is then given by:
which, after some calculations can be written as:
where
The factor a can be derived from the conservation of volume:
After substitution of the expression for a, one can do a series expansion of S(H) resulting in the following expression:
From this approach we obtain for the force constant:
where j = p/K.
B. From the force balance at the equator of the bump
When the solder joint is unperturbed, the force stemming from the surface tension is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure:
where ? is the angle with the normal on the solder pad.
When weight is added a third force comes into play. We the use the full expression for the hydrostatic pressure. urthermore it is realized that the equilibrium will hold for any value of z. Next to that we find that
As a result we find for the balance of forces:
After insertion of the equation for y(z) and substitution of z=0 we find at the equator:
After substitution of the equations for ro and a we obtain in series expansion to first order:
yielding for the force constant Fcb:
II. Validation
Graph of the force constants Fca (green) and Fcb (red) as function of j as derived through methods a and b. For the calculation ? is given the value of 0.4 Nm.
As can be seen from the graph there is very good agreement between both results.
III. Author
C. van Veen
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